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SYS-APM001-EN Chiller System Design and Control iii
Contents
Preface .................................................................................................. i
Primary System Components ................................................... 1
Chiller ............................................................................................... 1
Loads ................................................................................................ 7
Chilled-Water Distribution System .................................................. 10
Condenser-Water System ................................................................ 13
Unit-Level Controls .......................................................................... 15
Application Considerations ...................................................... 18
Small Chilled-Water Systems (1-2 chillers) ...................................... 18
Mid-Sized Chilled-Water Systems (3-5 Chillers) ............................. 21
Large Chilled-Water Systems (6+ Chillers, District Cooling) .......... 22
Chiller Plant System Performance ................................................. 24
System Design Options ............................................................ 27
Condenser-Water Temperatures ..................................................... 29
Chilled- and Condenser-Water Flow Rates ..................................... 29
Cost Implications ............................................................................ 38
Misconceptions about Low-Flow Rates ......................................... 39
System Configurations .............................................................. 42
Parallel Chillers ............................................................................... 42
Series Chillers ................................................................................ 44
Primary–Secondary (Decoupled) Systems ..................................... 45
Variable-Primary-Flow Systems ...................................................... 55
Chilled-Water System Variations ........................................... 70
Heat Recovery ................................................................................ 70
Condenser “Free Cooling” or Water Economizer .......................... 70
Preferential Loading ........................................................................ 73
Series–Counterflow Application ..................................................... 77
Unequal Chiller Sizing ..................................................................... 78
System Issues and Challenges ............................................... 79
Low T Syndrome .......................................................................... 79
Amount of Fluid in the Loop ........................................................... 79
Contingency ................................................................................... 81
Alternative Energy Sources ............................................................ 82
Plant Expansion .............................................................................. 83
Retrofit Opportunities ..................................................................... 84
Applications Outside the Chiller’s Range ....................................... 84